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Islam (;〔There are ten pronunciations of ''Islam'' in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the ''s'' is or , and whether the ''a'' is pronounced , or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster). The most common are (Oxford English Dictionary, Random House) and (American Heritage Dictionary).〕 (アラビア語:الإسلام), ' 〔: Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~. In Northwestern Africa, they do not have stress or lengthened vowels.〕) is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion based upon the Qur'an, a religious text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God ('), and, for the vast majority of adherents, by the teachings and normative example (called the ''sunnah'', composed of accounts called ''hadith'') of Muhammad ( 570–8 June 632 CE), considered by most of them to be the last prophet of God. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim (sometimes spelled "Moslem").〔thefreedictionary.com: "(muslim )"〕 Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable〔quran.com: ''()''〕 and that the purpose of existence is to worship God.〔 * * * (【引用サイトリンク】title=Human Nature and the Purpose of Existence )〕 Muslims also believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Although a large majority of Muslims do maintain that the previous messages and revelations have been partially misinterpreted over time,〔 * Accad (2003): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it. * * * * * 〕 they are nevertheless all obliged, according to the Qur'an, to treat the older scriptures with the utmost respect.〔Cf. Qur'an, III. 3; V. 4; V. 43 etc.〕 As for the Qur'an, Muslims consider it to be both the unaltered and the final revelation of God. Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam, which are basic concepts and obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, providing guidance on multifarious topics from banking and welfare, to family life and the environment.〔 * * 〕 The expansion of the Islamic Empire in the years following Prophet Muhammed's death led to the creation of caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area and conversion to Islam was boosted by missionary activities.〔The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pg.125-258〕 These early caliphates, coupled with Muslim economics and trading and the later expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in Islam's spread outwards from Mecca towards both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the creation of the Muslim world. Most Muslims are of two denominations: Sunni (75–90%)〔 or Shia (10–20%).〔 About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country, 25% in South Asia,〔 20% in the Middle East,〔 * * * 〕 and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa.〔 Sizable Muslim communities are also found in Europe, China, Russia, and the Americas. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world. With about 1.62 billion followers or 23% of the global population, Islam is the second-largest religion by number of adherents and, according to many sources, the fastest-growing major religion in the world.〔(PBS - Islam: Empire of Faith - Faith - Islam Today ).〕 ==Etymology and meaning== Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, safeness and peace.〔(Dictionary listing for Siin roots ) derived from ''Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon'' via www.studyquran.co.uk〕 In a religious context it means "voluntary submission to God". ''Islām'' is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root, and means "submission" or "surrender." ''Muslim'', the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the same verb form, and means "one who submits" or "one who surrenders." Believers demonstrate submission to God by serving God, following his commands, and rejecting polytheism. The word sometimes has distinct connotations in its various occurrences in the Qur'an. In some verses, there is stress on the quality of Islam as an internal conviction: "Whomsoever God desires to guide, He opens his heart to Islam."〔 * , , * 〕 Islam, by its own inner logic, embraces every possible facet of existence, for God has named Himself al-Muḥīṭ, the All-Embracing. Other verses connect ''Islām'' and ''dīn'' (usually translated as "religion"): "Today, I have perfected your religion (''dīn'') for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved Islam for your religion."〔, , 〕 Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith.〔 * , * 〕 In the Hadith of Gabriel, ''islām'' is presented as one part of a triad that includes ''imān'' (faith), and ''ihsān'' (excellence), where ''islām'' is defined theologically as Tawhid, historically by asserting that Muhammad is messenger of God, and doctrinally by mandating five basic and fundamental pillars of practice. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Islam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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